Subscribe
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Table of contents
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Home
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here
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Publication details
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here
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Section 1.13
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Section 18.13
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Section 1.3
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Section 1.4
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Section 1.5
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Section 1.7
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EndNote library
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Section 2.5
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Section 10A7
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Section 9A.4
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Section 10.7
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Section 18.3
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Chapter 13
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Section 13.0
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Section 13.2
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Section 13.3
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Section 13.4
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Section 13.6
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Table 11B.2
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Section 9.A.5
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Section 18.6.4
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Section 3.4
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Chapter 19
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EndNote library
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Section 11B
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Section 12.7
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Section 18.4
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Section 3.27
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Section 18.1
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Section 7.8
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Section 7.16
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Section 18.5
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Section 8.3
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Section 8.6
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Section 8.7
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Section 8.13
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Section 8.15
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Section 7.11
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Section 12D
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Earlier updates
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Foreword
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Acknowledgments
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Introduction
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1.1 A brief history of tobacco smoking in Australia
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1.2 Overview of major Australian data sets
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1.8 Trends in prevalence of smoking by country of birth
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1.9 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
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1.10 Prevalence of smoking in other high-risk sub-groups of the population
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1.11 Prevalence of smoking among health professionals
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1.12 Prevalence of use of different types of tobacco product
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2.0 Introduction
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2.1 Production and trade data as a basis for estimating tobacco consumption
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2.2 Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumption
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2.3 Self-reported measures of tobacco consumption
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2.4 Expenditure on tobacco products
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2.6 Comparisons of quality and results using various estimates of tobacco consumption in Australia
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2.7 Per capita consumption in Australia compared with other countries
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2.8 Tobacco consumption not captured in government or industry figures
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2.9 Estimates of total tobacco consumption in Australia
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2.10 Factors driving changes in tobacco consumption
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3.0 Introduction
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3.1 Smoking and cardiovascular disease
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3.2 Respiratory diseases (excluding lung cancer)
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3.3 Smoking and cancer
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3.5 Other cancers
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3.6 Reproductive health
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3.7 Pregnancy and smoking
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3.8 Child health and maternal smoking before and after birth
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3.9 Increased susceptibility to infection in smokers
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3.10 Eye diseases
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3.11 Dental diseases
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3.12 Gastro-intestinal diseases
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3.13 Musculoskeletal conditions
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3.14 Skin
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3.15 The impact of smoking on treatment of disease
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3.16 Smoking and diabetes
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3.17 Inflammatory conditions and autoimmune disease
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3.18 Other conditions with possible links to smoking
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3.19 Smoking and accidents
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3.20 Nicotine and carbon monoxide poisoning
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3.21 Health effects for young people who smoke
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3.22 Poorer quality of life and loss of function
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3.23 Smoking, dementia and cognition
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3.24 Genetic influences on tobacco-caused disease
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3.25 Smoking compared with or in combination with other pollutants
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3.26 Health effects of brands of tobacco which claim or imply delivery of lower levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide
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3.28 Health 'benefits' of smoking?
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3.29 Smoking and body weight
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3.30 Total burden of death and disease attributable to tobacco by disease category
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3.31 Morbidity and mortality due to tobacco-caused disease and socio-economic disadvantage
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3.32 Health effects of smoking other substances
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3.33 Health effects of chewing tobacco, and of other smokeless tobacco products
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3.34 Public perceptions of tobacco as a drug, and knowledge and beliefs about the health consequences of smoking
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3.35 Health and other benefits of quitting
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3.36 Health effects of occasional (“social”) smoking and cutting down
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3.37 Chemoprevention of tobacco-related disease
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4.0 Background
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4.1 What is secondhand smoke?
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4.2 What is in secondhand smoke?
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4.3 Thirdhand smoke
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4.4 Measuring exposure to secondhand smoke
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4.5 Prevalence of exposure to SHS in the home
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4.6 Mechanisms of disease
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4.7 Estimates of morbidity and mortality attributable to secondhand smoke
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4.8 Cardiovascular disease and secondhand smoke
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4.9 Lung cancer and secondhand smoke
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4.10 Cancers of other sites
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4.11 Effects of secondhand smoke on the respiratory system in adults
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4.12 Secondhand smoke and increased risk of infectious disease
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4.13 Secondhand smoke and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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4.14 Secondhand smoke and mental health
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4.15 Oral health
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4.16 Secondhand smoke and pregnancy
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4.17 Health effects of secondhand smoke for infants and children
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4.18 Other health effects
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4.19 Public attitudes to secondhand smoke
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4.20 Health effects of secondhand smoke on pets
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5.0 Introduction
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5.1 Stages in the uptake of smoking
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5.2 Factors influencing uptake by young people overview
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5.3 Early biological factors
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5.4 Adolescence and brain maturation
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5.5 Temperament, mental health problems and self-concept
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5.6 Intentions, attitudes and beliefs
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5.7 The home environment
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5.8 The smoking behaviour of peers, and peer attitudes and norms
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5.9 The educational environment
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5.10 Cultural background
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5.11 Accessibility of tobacco products to young smokers
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5.12 Affordability of tobacco products
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5.13 Products and packaging created to appeal to new users
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5.14 Smokefree policies
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5.15 Tobacco advertising and promotion targeted at young people
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5.16 Smoking in movies, TV and other popular culture media
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5.16 Smoking in movies, TV and other popular culture media (Copy)
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5.17 Factors influencing uptake of smoking later in life
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5.18 Uptake: a concluding note
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5.19 Prevention: an introductory note
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5.20 Approaches to youth smoking prevention
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5.21 Reducing tobacco access and supply
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5.22 Taxation and pricing of tobacco products
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5.23 Reducing product appeal
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5.24 The profound effects of the denormalisation of smoking
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5.25 Media campaigns and young people
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5.26 Appropriate responses to the problem of smoking and movies
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5.27 Family and home-based interventions to reduce smoking uptake
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5.28 Peer-based approaches
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5.29 School-based interventions
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5.30 Harnessing predictors of uptake to prevent smoking
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5.31 Other drug use
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6.0 Introduction
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6.1 Defining nicotine as a drug of addiction
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6.2 Pharmacokinetics
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6.3 Mechanism of action
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6.4 Pharmacological effects
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6.5 Mood effects
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6.6 Cognitive effects
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6.7 Clinical populations
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6.8 Interactions between tobacco smoke and medications
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6.9 Predictors of nicotine dependence
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6.10 Acute effects of nicotine on the body
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6.11 Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
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6.12 Measures of tobacco dependence
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6.13 Addiction and the adolescent smoker
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6.14 Smokers’ attitudes to and beliefs about addiction
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7.0 Introduction
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7.1 Health and other benefits of quitting
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7.2 Quitting activity
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7.3 Theories about smoking and quitting
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7.4 What finally prompts smokers to attempt to quit?
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7.5 What we know about how smokers are persuaded to attempt to quit
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7.6 How smokers go about quitting
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7.7 Environmental and biopsychosocial factors that influence quitting
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7.9 Increasing smoking cessation at the population level
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7.10 Role of health professionals and social services
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7.12 Cessation interventions for people with serious health conditions
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7.13 Cessation assistance: printed self-help materials
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7.14 Cessation assistance: telephone- and internet-based interventions
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7.15 Individual and group-based cessation assistance
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7.17 Contingency management/incentives
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7.18 Alternative therapies and emerging treatments
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7.19 Interventions tailored for age and/or gender
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7.20 National policy and progress in encouraging and supporting cessation
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7.21 Lung cancer screening and biomedical risk assessments
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8.0 Introductory note
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8.1 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: social disadvantage, health and smoking—an overview
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8.2 History of tobacco use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
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8.4 Smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and teenagers
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8.5 Types of tobacco used by and levels of consumption among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
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8.8 Economic issues relating to tobacco use among Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islander peoples
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8.9 Attitudes to and beliefs about smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
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8.10 Tobacco action initiatives targeting Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islander peoples
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8.11 The relationship between tobacco and other drug use in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
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8.12 The tobacco industry and Indigenous communities
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8.14 The effectiveness of population-level tobacco control strategies
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9.0 Introduction
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9.1 Smoking prevalence and exposure to secondhand smoke among priority populations in Australia
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9.2 Trends over time in smoking among priority populations in Australia
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9.3 Contribution of smoking to health inequality
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9.4 The relationship between tobacco smoking and financial stress
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9.5 Smoking and intergenerational poverty
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9.6 Tailored and targeted interventions for low socioeconomic groups
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9.7 Explanations of socio-economic disparities in smoking
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9.8 Are current strategies to discourage smoking in Australia inequitable?
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9.9 Are there inequalities in access to and use of treatment for dependence on tobacco-delivered nicotine?
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InDepth 9A Addressing smoking in highly disadvantaged and other priority groups
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9A.1 People living in regional and remote areas of Australia
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9A.2 Culturally and linguistically diverse groups
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9A.3 People with substance use and mental disorders
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9A.6 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and intersex (LGBTQI+) people
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9A.7 Military personnel and veterans
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9A.8 Single parents
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10.0 Introduction
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10.1 The tobacco growing industry
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10.2 The global tobacco manufacturing industry
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10.3 The manufacturing and wholesaling industry in Australia - major international companies
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10.4 Other importers operating in the Australian market
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10.5 Retailing of tobacco products in Australia
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10.6 Retail value and volume of the Australian tobacco market
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10.8 Trends in products and packaging
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10.9 Brand portfolio strategies in the Australia market
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10.10 The tobacco industry exposed: tobacco industry document repositories
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10.11 Corporate responsibility and the birth of good corporate citizenship
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10.12 The tobacco industry's revised stance on health issues
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10.13 Industry efforts to discourage smoking
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10.14 Ethical issues related to tobacco farming and production
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10.15 The environmental impact of tobacco production
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10.16 The environmental impact of tobacco use
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10.17 Public attitudes to the tobacco industry
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10.18 The investment of public funds in tobacco - the case for divestment
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10.19 The future of the tobacco industry
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In Depth 10A-Strategies-for-influence
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10A.1 Strategies for influence - Overview
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10A.2 The arguments
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10A.3 Mechanisms of influence—Industry-funded research
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10A.4 Mechanisms of influence—undermining public health organisations
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10A.5 Mechanisms of influence—mobilising support from the industry and those with shared aims
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10A.6 Mechanisms of influence—media relations
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10A.8 Mechanisms of influence—participation in regulatory review processes
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10A.9 Mechanisms of influence—litigation
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11.0 Background
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11.1 The merits of banning tobacco advertising
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11.2 Tobacco industry expenditure on advertising
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11.3 Commonwealth (national) legislation
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11.4 State and territory legislation
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11.5 Tobacco advertising legislation violations
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11.6 Marketing of tobacco in the age of advertising bans
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11.7 Promotional events
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11.8 Trade promotions
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11.9 Retail promotion and access
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11.10 Smoking in movies as promotion
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11.11 Internet promotion
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InDepth 11A: Packaging as promotion: Evidence for and effects of plain packaging
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11A.0 Introduction
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11A.1 Plain packaging as a solution to the misleading and promotional power of packaging
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11A.2 Australian announcement of plain packaging legislation
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11A.3 Analysis of major industry arguments against plain packaging
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11A.4 Milestones in adoption of legislation
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11A.5 Major milestones in legal challenges to the legislation
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11A.6 International flow-on effects
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11A.7 Initial industry responses to attempt to mitigate the impact of legislation
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11A.8 Experimental research on the effects of plain packaging
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11A.9 Real-world research on the effects of plain packaging
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Attachment 11.1 TAP Act report to parliament
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12.0 Introduction
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12.1 Tobacco in cigarettes
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12.2 Other types of tobacco products
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12.3 Chemicals and contaminants in tobacco products
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12.4 Emissions from tobacco products
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12.5 Measuring emissions and exposure to tobacco products
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12.6 Additives and flavourings in tobacco products
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12.8 Construction of cigarettes and cigarette filters
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12.9 Labelling of tobacco products in Australia
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InDepth12A: Health warnings
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12A.0 Introduction and rationale for health warnings
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12A.1 History of health warnings in Australia
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12A.2 Health warnings used in other countries
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12A.3 Evidence about the effects of health warnings
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12A.4 What makes an effective health warning?
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12A.5 What has been the impact of pictorial health warnings in Australia?
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12A.6 World Health Organization recommendations on health warnings
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12A.7 Public support for health warnings
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12A.8 Future directions for warnings
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InDepth 12B: Regulation to disclose or reduce harm from tobacco products
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InDepth 12C: Reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes
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13.1 Price elasticity of demand for tobacco products
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13.5 Impact of price increases on tobacco consumption in Australia
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13.7 Avoidance and evasion of taxes on tobacco products
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13.8 What is the 'right' level of tobacco taxation
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13.9 Future directions for reform of tobacco taxes
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13.10 Arguments against tax increases promoted by the tobacco industry
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13.11 Are tobacco taxes regressive?
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13.12 Public opinion about tobacco tax increases
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14.0 Introduction
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14.1 Mass media public education campaigns: an overview
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14.2 The role of mass media campaigns within a comprehensive smoking control program
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14.3 Public education campaigns to discourage smoking: the Australian experience
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14.4 Examining the effectiveness of public education campaigns
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14.5 Targeting of public education campaigns and different types of media channels
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14.6 News media coverage
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Appendix 1 National, State and Territory Contacts
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15.0 Introduction
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15.1 Why implement smokefree environments?
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15.2 Public opinion about smokefree environments
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15.3 Opposition to and weakening of smokefree environment
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15.4 Smoking bans in key public areas and environments
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15.5 Smoking bans in outdoor areas
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15.6 Smoking bans in the home and car
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15.7 Legislation to ban smoking in public spaces
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15.8 Immediate impact of smokefree legislation in improving air quality
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15.9 Effectiveness of smokefree legislation in reducing exposure to tobacco toxins, improving health, and changing smoking behaviours
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16.0 Introduction
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16.1Personal injury claims against the tobacco industry
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16.2 Litigation brought by Australian consumer and regulatory groups against the tobacco industry
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16.3 Litigation by individuals
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16.4 Criminal cases against the tobacco industry
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16.5 Legal cases initiated by tobacco industry
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Appendix 16.1 McCabe
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Appendix 16.2 Australian cases
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17.0 Introduction
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17.1 Economic terminology and methods
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17.2 The costs and benefits of smoking to the Australian economy
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17.3 The economic rationale for intervention in the tobacco market
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17.4 Economic evaluations of tobacco control interventions
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17.5 Impact of tobacco control strategies on the Australian economy
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17.6 Optimal investment in tobacco control
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18.0 Introduction
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18.2 Advertising and promotion of e-cigarettes
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18.3 Prevalence of e-cigarette use
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18.6 The health effects of e-cigarette use
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18.6.1 Health effects of e-cigarette use during pregnancy
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18.6.2 Health effects of e-cigarette use during adolescence
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18.6.3 E-cigarette use and possible cardiovascular disease risk
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18.6.5 E-cigarette use and the risk of non-infectious respiratory diseases
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18.6.6 E-cigarette use and the risk of infectious diseases
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18.6.7 E-cigarette use and oral health
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18.6.8 Other health risks
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18.6.9 Exposure to secondhand e-cigarette emissions
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18.7 Effects of e-cigarette use on smoking
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18.8 Population-level benefits and harms of increasing e-cigarette use
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18.9 Influences on the uptake of e-cigarettes
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18.10 Policies and programs to reduce e-cigarette use among young people and non-smokers
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18.11 Cessation interventions for e-cigarette users
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18.12 Public perceptions of the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes
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18.14 International regulatory overview
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18.15 Key Australian and international position statements on e-cigarettes, health, and options for regulation
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InDepth 18A: Smokeless tobacco
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18A.1 Forms of smokeless tobacco (now located in 12.2.9)
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18A.2 Prevalence of use of smokeless tobacco in Australia
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18A.3 Health effects of various forms of smokeless tobacco
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18A.4 Snus as a potential harm reduction strategy
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18A.5 Regulating sale and promotion of smokeless tobacco
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InDepth 18B: Heated tobacco products
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18B.0 Introduction
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18B.1 The heated tobacco product market
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18B.2 Extent of use
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18B.3 Health risks of heated tobacco products
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18B.4 Potential risks/benefits to public health
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18B.5 Legal status in Australia
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18B.6 International regulatory overview
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18B.7 Key Australian and international position statements on heated tobacco products
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19.0 Background to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
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19.1 WHO FCTC Governance Framework
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19.2 Implications of the WHO FCTC for Australia
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19.3 WHO FCTC guiding principles and general obligations
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19.4 Obligations relating to demand reduction for tobacco products
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19.5 Obligations relating to supply-reduction for tobacco products
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19.6 Other substantive obligations
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19.7 Obligations regarding international cooperation and exchange of information and resources
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19.8 Enforcement of the WHO FCTC
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19.9 Impact of the WHO FCTC and role in the context of global governance
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19.10 WHO FCTC in a domestic context: Case study example of Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging
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A1.1 International data repositories
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A1.2 Australian data repositories
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A1.3 International tobacco control strategies
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A1.4 Australian tobacco control strategies and documentation
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A1.5 Major reviews on smoking and health
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A1.6 History of tobacco in Australia
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A1.7 Current Australian legislation
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A1.8 Smoking cessation
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A1.9 Smoking and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
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A1.10 Economic costs of tobacco
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A1.11 Tobacco industry document repositories
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A1.12 Some key peer-review journals
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A1.13 Current international legislation
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A1.14 Policy implementation resources
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A1.15 Understanding the tobacco industry
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A1.16 Public perceptions of tobacco as a drug, and public opinion regarding tobacco control policies
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Publication details
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Privacy
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Contact us
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